Changes in Microbiota in Type II diabetes

Anita Skovbjerg Hjort-Gregersen s201190

Asiya Mohamad Yusuf Muses 243930

Magnus Harthimmer s233426

Marco Andreis s243116

Rebecca Hjermind Millum s215024

2024-12-03

Humans as a complex ecosystems

Data set history

8 shotgun sequencing metagenomics studies

Merged into a single dataset

Uploaded on Kaggle as CSV

Data selection

Using the whole dataset?

Focusing only on one study?

The WT2D dataset

What is glucose tolerance?

Hallmarks of Diabetes

HDL (“Good Cholesterol”)

Lower in Type 2 Diabetes
Risk: Heart disease, stroke
Factors: Medications, overweight
Distribution: Shift to lower values

Hemoglobin A1C

Measures: Avg. glucose (10–12 weeks)
Threshold: >48 mmol/mol = Type 2 Diabetes
Findings: 12.41% of Type 2 Diabetes cases above threshold

BMI

Not Significant
Waist Circumference: Strong correlation

Hallmark of Type 2 Diabetes

GAD-Antibodies

Associated with Type 1 Diabetes
Not significant across BMI or glucose tolerance classes

C-Peptide

Marker for insulin production
Higher in Type 2 Diabetes

Fasting Insulin

Higher in Type 2 Diabetes
Statistically significant parameter

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are similar in the features showed before, but very different in other characteristics
lets have a look at GAD antibodies, C-peptide and fasting insulin levels

GAD Antibodies Notes

GAD (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase) antibodies with glucose tolerance grouped by BMI
not statistically significant in our analysis of type 2 diabetes
typically associated with type 1 diabetes. (autoimmunity target GAD and beta cell of pancreas)
Same for the BMI classes (hence not relevant in type 2 diabetes)

Relevant image: 07_gad_ab_vs_bmi_glucose_tolerance.jpg

C-Peptide Notes

C-peptide concentration with glucose tolerance grouped by BMI
C-peptide differentiate t1 and t2 diabetes since it is cleaved during insulin production (insulin is only produced in t2)
Higher levels of C-peptide in type 2 diabetes patients indicate that the body is producing more insulin to compensate for elevated blood sugar levels.
obese produce more due to increased insulin resistance

% C-peptide is a 31-amino-acid sequence that connects the A and B chains of proinsulin. Relevant image: 07_c_peptide_vs_bmi_glucose_tolerance.jpg

Fasting Insulin Notes

fasting insulin levels for each glucose tolerance group
t2 diabetes have higher levels of fasting insulin due to insulin resistance
statistically significant parameter.

Relevant image: 07_fasting_insuling_vs_glucose_tolerance_bar.jpg

Statins and diabetes

Used as cardiovascular disease treatment
Lower cholesterol levels

Insulin levels are not affected by statin
Lowers colesterol levels
Statins not directly linked to type 2 diabetes

Relative abundance data

Are there differences between healthy and diseased?